Jr: change deprecated 'source' tags to 'syntaxhighlight'

2026-06-06T14:20:30Z

change deprecated 'source' tags to 'syntaxhighlight'

Clodo: Created page with "Omnidirectional stereo (ODS) is a projection model for stereo 360 degree videos. It’s designed for VR viewing with a headmounted display (HMD). More information [https:/..."

2016-05-17T20:55:50Z

Created page with "Omnidirectional stereo (ODS) is a projection model for stereo 360 degree videos. It’s designed for VR viewing with a headmounted display (HMD). More information [https:/..."

New page

Omnidirectional stereo (ODS) is a projection model for stereo 360 degree videos.
It’s designed for VR viewing with a headmounted display (HMD).
More information [https://developers.google.com/cardboard/jump/rendering-ods-content.pdf in this Google PDF].

=How to render=
Currently (2016-03-11), render ODS image require an alpha version of POV-Ray, that support user_defined camera. Download from [https://github.com/POV-Ray/povray/releases/tag/v3.7.1-alpha.8509766%2Bav119 here]

Use the following code for an ODS top-bottom (left eye on top, right eye on bottom):
<source lang="pov">
// ODS Top/Bottom
#declare odsIPD = 0.065; // Interpupillary distance
#declare odsVerticalModulation = 0.2; // Use 0.0001 if you don't care about Zenith & Nadir zones.
#declare odsLocationX = 0;
#declare odsLocationY = 0;
#declare odsLocationZ = 0;
#declare odsHandedness = -1; // "-1" for left-handed or "1" for right-handed
#declare odsAngle = 0; // Rotation, clockwise, in degree.

camera {
user_defined
location {
function { odsLocationX + cos(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi)*(odsIPD/2*pow(sin(select(y, 1-2*(y+0.5), 1-2*y)*pi), odsVerticalModulation))*select(-y,-1,+1) }
function { odsLocationY }
function { odsLocationZ + sin(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi)*(odsIPD/2*pow(sin(select(y, 1-2*(y+0.5), 1-2*y)*pi), odsVerticalModulation))*select(-y,-1,+1) * odsHandedness }
}
direction {
function { sin(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi) * cos(pi / 2 -select(y, 1-2*(y+0.5), 1-2*y) * pi) }
function { sin(pi / 2 - select(y, 1-2*(y+0.5), 1-2*y) * pi) }
function { -cos(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi) * cos(pi / 2 -select(y, 1-2*(y+0.5), 1-2*y) * pi) * odsHandedness }
}
}
</source>
Use the following code for an ODS side-by-side:
<source lang="pov">
// ODS Side-by-Side
#declare odsIPD = 0.065; // Interpupillary distance
#declare odsVerticalModulation = 0.2; // Use 0.0001 if you don't care about Zenith & Nadir zones.
#declare odsLocationX = 0;
#declare odsLocationY = 0;
#declare odsLocationZ = 0;
#declare odsHandedness = -1; // "-1" for left-handed or "1" for right-handed
#declare odsAngle = 0; // Rotation, clockwise, in degree.

camera {
user_defined
location {
function { odsLocationX + cos(((select(x,2*(x+0.5),2*x)+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi)*(odsIPD/2*pow(sin((1-(y+0.5))*pi), odsVerticalModulation))*select(x,-1,1) }
function { odsLocationY }
function { odsLocationZ + sin(((select(x,2*(x+0.5),2*x)+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi)*(odsIPD/2*pow(sin((1-(y+0.5))*pi), odsVerticalModulation))*select(x,-1,1) * odsHandedness }
}
direction {
function { sin(((select(x,2*(x+0.5),2*x)+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi) * cos(pi / 2 -(1-(y+0.5)) * pi) }
function { sin(pi / 2 - (1-(y+0.5)) * pi) }
function { -cos(((select(x,2*(x+0.5),2*x)+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi) * cos(pi / 2 -(1-(y+0.5)) * pi) * odsHandedness }
}
}
</source>

<source lang="pov">
// ODS Single Eye
#declare odsIPD = 0.065; // Interpupillary distance
#declare odsVerticalModulation = 0.2; // Use 0.0001 if you don't care about Zenith & Nadir zones.
#declare odsLocationX = 0;
#declare odsLocationY = 0;
#declare odsLocationZ = 0;
#declare odsHandedness = -1; // "-1" for left-handed or "1" for right-handed
#declare odsAngle = 0; // Rotation, clockwise, in degree.
#declare odsEye = -1; // -1 for Left eye, +1 for Right eye

camera {
user_defined
location {
function { odsLocationX + cos(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi)*(odsIPD/2*pow(sin((1-(y+0.5))*pi), odsVerticalModulation))*odsEye }
function { odsLocationY }
function { odsLocationZ + sin(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi)*(odsIPD/2*pow(sin((1-(y+0.5))*pi), odsVerticalModulation))*odsEye * odsHandedness }
}
direction {
function { sin(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi) * cos(pi / 2 -(1-(y+0.5)) * pi) }
function { sin(pi / 2 - (1-(y+0.5)) * pi) }
function { -cos(((x+0.5+odsAngle/360)) * 2 * pi - pi) * cos(pi / 2 -(1-(y+0.5)) * pi) * odsHandedness }
}
}
</source>

=Caveats=
* Camera Direction is actually not supported. It’s always look_at<0,0,1>. You can use the odsAngle parameter for a rotation (degree) around Y axis.
* Zenith & Nadir Zones
Base ODS algorithm have spiral/singularities towards the zenith and nadir points.To avoid that, i modulate the stereoscopic eye separation such that it begins at normal eye separation near the horizon, and is smoothly decreased, reaching zero by the time either the zenith or nadir points on the polar axis are visible to the user, producing a monoscopic image.
I use this [https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=0.065*pow(sin((x%2B0.5)*pi),0.02)+range+-0.5..0.5 formula]:

[[File:pov_ods.png|ODS Vertical Modulation]]

where 0.02 it’s the '''odsVerticalModulation''' and 0.065 the default '''IPD'''. Play with this value to understand how IPD are reduced near the Zenith (x:-0.5) and Nadir (x:0.5).

In general, it’s recommended to avoid objects at zenith & nadir points, and use a odsVerticalModulation near 0 (0.0001), to obtain a perfect IPD / 3d effect.
If you have objects at zenith & nadir points, use a odsVerticalModulation near 1 can be a good compromise.

Other approach:
Domemaster3D (Shader for 3DS Max, Maya, Softimage etc) recommend a texture to reduce the effect. [http://www.andrewhazelden.com/blog/2014/10/render-spherical-stereo-content-with-the-domemaster3d-v1-6-alpha/ link]

SolidAngle/Arnold use mixed approach. [http://pedrofe.com/oculus-camera/ link]

Another kind of modulation: [https://www-s.ks.uiuc.edu/Publications/Papers/paper.cgi?tbcode=STON2016A link]

=Best practice=
* Objects should remain at least 60cm from the camera (relative to an IPD of 6.5cm).
Use this code to check (it’s auto adapt based on IPD):
<source lang="pov">
sphere
{
<odsLocationX,odsLocationY,odsLocationZ>, 0.6*odsIPD/0.065
pigment
{
color <1,0,0>
filter 0.97
}
hollow
}
</source>
* Objects appearing directly above or below the camera should remain at least 3.5m from the camera (relative to an IPD of 6.5cm).
* Antialiasing is very very very important on VR headset.

=Recommended Resolutions=

I recommend, at least for the current (year 2016) generation of VR headset (GearVR, Oculus Rift, HTC Vive), at least 6480 x 6480 pixels in top/bottom for static images. For videos, see below.

Resolution must have 2:1 aspect ratio (standard equirectangular/latlong), that become 4:1 for side-by-side or 1:1 for a top-bottom.

It’s difficult to estimate a good resolution.
VR headset do a distortion for lenses, any every VR headset can have different lenses, different FOV, different panel resolution etc.

The GearVR for example has a 90° FOV on a 2560×1440 panel, but the center pixel covers 0.06° after distortion. This value is sometime called “pixel coverage” or “pixel density” or “pixel per display pixel” or “eye buffer scaling”. So, for the GearVR, 0.06° pixels means we need 360/0.06 = 6000 pixels to cover one monoscopic turn.

=Rendering Animation/Video=

This is actually problematic.

In theory, the resolution must be at least as explained above for images.

Any VR headset works with high frame-rate:

Oculus Rift DK2 (Development Kit 2): 75 FPS
Oculus Rift CV1 (Customers Version 1): 90 FPS
HTC Vive: 90 FPS
Sony Playstation PSVR : 120 FPS
In general, future-generation VR headset: expected 120 FPS

But [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC#Levels H264] don’t have any level profile compatible with this kind of resolution.
Also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Tiers_and_levels HEVC/H265] have the same problem.

But we also need a coded that is hardware-accelerated to obtain the high FPS requested, and generally only H264/H265 are optimized for this.

Anyway, if you build a video at 30 FPS, for example if played in a 90 FPS HMD it don't cause nausea (because the head-tracking still works at 90 FPS).

=Interesting Links=

[http://news.povray.org/povray.general/thread/%3Cweb.56d38071f91c97bb4e8811590%40news.povray.org%3E/ POV-Ray newsgroup, topic about the approach]

[http://news.povray.org/povray.text.scene-files/thread/%3Cweb.56e05da626a7967a4e8811590%40news.povray.org%3E/ POV-Ray newsgroup, topic about contents]

[https://forums.oculus.com/community/discussion/30854/ Oculus Forum Topic]

[https://community.renderman.pixar.com/article/991/rendering-for-vr.html Renderman/Pixar approach]

[http://bernieroehl.com/prerendered_spherical_stereoscopic_panoramas/ Bernie Roehl POV-Ray approach]

[https://code.blender.org/2015/03/1451/ Blender approach]

[https://scottsingercg.wordpress.com/2015/11/24/spherical-stereo-camera-for-emersive-rendering/ Scott Singer approach]

=QUICKRES.INI=

Reference resolutions for POV-Ray quickres.ini
<source lang="pov">
[ODS TB Quick Test - 512 x 512]
Width=512
Height=512
Antialias=Off

[ODS TB Test - 1024 x 1024]
Width=1024
Height=1024
Antialias=Off

[ODS TB Minimum - 3600 x 3600]
Width=3600
Height=3600
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB High - 6480 x 6480]
Width=6480
Height=6480
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB Ultra - 12288 x 12288]
Width=12288
Height=12288
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB 1440p - 2560 x 1440]
Width=2560
Height=1440
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB UHD-1 2160p - 3840 x 2160]
Width=3840
Height=2160
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB DCI 4K - 4096 x 2160]
Width=4096
Height=2160
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB 8K UHD - 7680 x 4320]
Width=7680
Height=4320
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS LR Minimum - 7200 x 1800]
Width=7200
Height=1800
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS LR High - 12960 x 3240]
Width=12960
Height=3240
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS LR Ultra - 24576 x 6144]
Width=24576
Height=6144
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3
[ODS LR Low - 7200 x 1800]
Width=7200
Height=1800
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS LR Normal - 12960 x 3240]
Width=12960
Height=3240
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS LR High - 24576 x 6144]
Width=24576
Height=6144
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB Low - 3600 x 3600]
Width=3600
Height=3600
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB Normal - 6480 x 6480]
Width=6480
Height=6480
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB High - 12288 x 12288]
Width=12288
Height=12288
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3

[ODS TB YouTube - 3840 x 2160]
Width=3840
Height=2160
Antialias=On
Antialias_Threshold=0.3
</source>

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 Use the following code for an ODS top-bottom (left eye on top, right eye on bottom):
-<source lang="pov">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="pov">
 // ODS Top/Bottom
 #declare odsIPD = 0.065; // Interpupillary distance
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
+   }
+}
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 Use the following code for an ODS side-by-side:
-<source lang="pov">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="pov">
 // ODS Side-by-Side
 #declare odsIPD = 0.065; // Interpupillary distance
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
+   }
+}
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
-<source lang="pov">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="pov">
 // ODS Single Eye
 #declare odsIPD = 0.065; // Interpupillary distance
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
+   }
+}
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 =Caveats=
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 * Objects should remain at least 60cm from the camera (relative to an IPD of 6.5cm).
 Use this code to check (it’s auto adapt based on IPD):
-<source lang="pov">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="pov">
 sphere
+{
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
    hollow
+}
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 * Objects appearing directly above or below the camera should remain at least 3.5m from the camera (relative to an IPD of 6.5cm).
 * Antialiasing is very very very important on VR headset.
@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 Reference resolutions for POV-Ray quickres.ini
-<source lang="pov">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="pov">
 [ODS TB Quick Test - 512 x 512]
 Width=512
@@ Line 285: / Line 285: @@
 Antialias=On
 Antialias_Threshold=0.3
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>

HowTo:ODS - Revision history

Jr: change deprecated 'source' tags to 'syntaxhighlight'

Clodo: Created page with "Omni­directional stereo (ODS) is a projection model for stereo 360 degree videos. It’s designed for VR viewing with a head­mounted display (HMD). More information [https:/..."

Clodo: Created page with "Omnidirectional stereo (ODS) is a projection model for stereo 360 degree videos. It’s designed for VR viewing with a headmounted display (HMD). More information [https:/..."